Second Year Curriculum

(PHYPhy-21) First Semester (5.5 credits)

60 hours theory (4 hours/week)
45 hours practical (3 hours/week)

1. Cell Physiology (2 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Discuss the major components of the cell, the function of each organells, the nucleus, and the process of DNA synthesis and the cell cycle; with few points on apoptosis.

1. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm and its organelles.
2. Nucleus and gene expression.
3. DNA synthesis and cell division.

 

2. Body fluids Physiology (2 hours)
Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Discuss the major fluid compartments of the body and their relative volumes.
2. Describe the ionic composition of extracellular and intracellular fluid, their amount and distribution especially, sodium, potassium and calcium and the mechanism that control their distribution.

1. Fluid compartment
2. Water and electrolyte balance.
3. Edema.

 

3. Muscle, nerve and autonomic nervous system (16 hours)
Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Illustrate the design of the unique anatomic and cellular features of neurons and its relation to their function.
2. Explain the role of the neuronal cytoskeleton in axonal transport, growth, and metabolic maintenance of neurons.
3. Explain the molecular mechanisms of ionic conductance events that underlie initiation, termination, and propagation of the action potential.
4. Explain how neurotransmitter release alters postsynaptic membrane potentials.
5. Explain the excitation–contraction coupling, the role of all or non-law, the isotonic, isometric contractions.
6. Explain why the contraction of a smooth muscle cell can be graded, whereas that of a skeletal muscle fiber cannot.
7. Contrast the mode of electrical activation of cardiacmuscle with that of skeletal muscle and how thosemodes relate to different mechanical properties in thetwo muscles.
8. Explain how changes in voltage-gated membrane channelsfor sodium, potassium, and calcium create the five phases of atrial and ventricular muscle action potentials.
9. Explain the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the involuntary “background operating system” functions of the body.
10. Explain the anatomic and physiologic bases for division of the autonomic nervous system into the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions.
11. Know the neurotransmitters used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions and explain how the central nervous system regulates autonomic function.

1. Generation of membrane potential of nerve cell.
2. Excitation and conduction.
3. Nerve action potential.
4. Electrogenesis of the action potential.
5. Orthodromicandantidromic conduction - properties of mixed nerves.
6. Skeletal muscles
7. The contractile response - muscle twitch.
8. Properties of skeletal muscles in the intact organism - motor units.
9. Energy source and metabolism.
10. Strength-duration curve - cardiac muscle.
11. The smooth muscles.
12. The neuromuscular junction.
13. Autonomic nervous system, anatomical consideration - sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
14. Types of autonomic innervation and reflex arc.
15. Higher autonomic centers and neurotransmitters in autonomic nervous systems.
16. Physiology of micturition.

4. Blood Physiology (10 hours)
Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Understand the four major functions of blood: transport, hemostasis, homeostasis, and immunity.
2. Explain how pathologic changes in erythrocyte morphology can affect function.
3. Explain how erythrocyte dysfunction causes different types of anemia.
4. Track the roles and components of the blood clotting phases, from immediate actions to wound healing.
5. Explain the relevance of blood type in blood transfusions.
6. Apply the roles of both noncellular and cellular components of innate immunity in maintaining body homeostasis.
7. Understand the mechanisms for both exogenous and endogenous antigen presentation in cell-mediated immunity.
8. Know the roles of T-cell subtypes in adaptive immunity.
9. Recognize immune system disorders by immune system reactions.
10. Blood volume and plasma.
11. Red blood cells.
12. Hemoglobin structure and types.
13. Anemia.
14. Blood groups (ABO system) and transfusion reaction.
15. Homeostasis and platelets.
16. External and internal pathways of coagulation.
17. Tests of homeostasis, hemophilia.
18. Immunity and tissue typing.
19. Tolerance, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection.

5. Physiology of Respiratory system (10 hours)
Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe the anatomy of airways and lungs.
2. Explain how a pleural pressure is generated.
3. Explain how changes in alveolar pressure move air in and out of the lungs.
4. Explain how spirometry measures lung volumes and airflow in patients.
5. Explain the process of gas transfer via blood.
6. Describe the pulmonary circulation and ventilation/perfusion.
7. Explain the process of control of ventilation.

1. Physiological functions of the lungs
2. Process of respiration: mechanics of breathing.
3. Lung volumes and capacities.
4. Compliance of the lung, role of surfactant.
5. Pulmonary and alveolar ventilation.
6. Transport of O2 by the blood.
7. Transport of CO2 by the blood.
8. Role of the respiratory system in acid- base regulation.
9. Regulation of breathing: voluntary and involuntary control.
10. Regulation of breathing: ventilatory responses to CO2 rise and O2 lack.

 

6. Physiology of Cardiovascular system (20 hours)
Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe the major component of CVS, the events of cardiac cycle,
2. Describe the control of blood flow and blood pressure,
3. Describe the pumping property of the cardiac muscle.

1. Functional design of cardiovascular structure of the heart and blood vessels.
2. Properties of cardiac muscle-autorhythmicity and conductivity.
3. Properties of cardiac muscle-contractility & refractory characteristics.
4. Electrophysiology of the heart (ECG).
5. Mechanical events in cardiac cycle.
6. Heart sounds and murmurs.
7. Cardiac output.
8. Work and efficiency of the heart.
9. Vascular system-condition of flow & pressure.
10. Blood pressure and its regulation
11. Circulatory regulation, general nervous & local peripheral mechanisms.
12. Circulation through special regions; coronary, skeletal muscle.cerebraland skin circulation.
13. Cardiovascular haemostasis, cardiac insufficiency, shock, and postural changes.
14. Starling forces across capillary beds.
15. Venous pressure and flow.

 

(PHYPhy-22) Second Semester (5.5 credits)
60 hours theory (4 hours/week)
45 hours practical (3 hours/week)

1. Physiology of Renal system (10 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe the major component of renal system, the process of glomerular filtration and tubular absorption and secretion, the concentrating ability of kidney and the role of kidney in regulation of body fluid, ions concentration and acid-base channel.

 

1. Renal circulation and glomerular filtration.
2. Tubular reabsorption.
3. Tubular secretion.
4. Water excretion by the kidneys.
5. Role of the kidney in electrolytes balance.
6. Renal mechanisms of acidification of urine and its significance in the regulation of pH.
7. Regulation of body fluid volume.
8. Renal disease and diuresis.
9. Renal function test.

2. Physiology of Central nervous system (14 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe the different types of receptors, spinal cord tracts, and the role of cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia of control of body movements, different types of reflexes.

1. General sensation.
2. Tactile vibration and position senses.
3. Pain sensation.
4. Spinal cord pathway and reflexes.
5. Spinal cord transaction.
6. Thalamus central representation of sensation
7. Reticular activating system.
8. Sleep and electroencephalography.
9. Motor cortex and motor pathway.
10. Basal ganglia.
11. Cerebellum.
12. Language learning and memory.
13. Cerebrospinal fluid.
14. Limbic system.

 

3. Physiology of Special senses (6 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to describe the special senses and mechanism of their action.

1. Visual sensation.
2. Hearing sensation.
3. Vestibular Function.
4. Taste.
5. Smell.

 

4. Physiology of Gastrointestinal system (10 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to describe the anatomical parts of GIT, the secretory and motor function of each part, the role of autonomic and enteric plexuses in control gut function.

1. Gastrointestinal anatomy and general principles of its physiology.
2. Saliva and swallowing
3. Stomach motility and secretion.
4. Small intestine motility
5. Small intestine secretion.
6. Large intestine motility and secretion.
7. Pancreas.
8. Liver.

5. Endocrine and Reproductive system (20 hours)

Objective: Upon mastering the material in this chapter you should be able to:

1. Describe the different types of hormones, their interaction with each other.
2. Describe the different endocrine glands and tissues, the function of each hormone, the regulation of each hormone, the effects of under and overproduction of hormones, the reproductive system of males and females and the process of gametogenesis, and fertilization.

1. Hypothalamic hormones.
2. Posterior pituitary gland hormones.
3. Anterior Pituitary gland hormones.
4. Growth hormone.
5. Thyroid gland hormones.
6. Hypo and hyperthyroidism.
7. Ca2+ metabolism, vitamin D.
8. Ca2+ metabolism, Parathyroid hormone.
9. Pancreatic hormones (insulin) & (Glucagon)
10. Diabetes Mellitus.
11. Metabolic syndrome.
12. Hypoglycemia.
13. Adrenal gland:  Anatomy and physiology.
14. Mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
15. Catecholamines.
16. Male reproductive  system
17. Female reproductive  system
18. Physiology of pregnancy

 

Second Year practical Curriculum
(PHYPhy-P1) First Semester (1.5 credits)

45 hours practical (3 hours/week)
1. Blood Experiments

1. Introduction
2. Osmotic fragility test (demonstration)
3. RBC count
4. WBC count
5. Platelet count
6. Blood Film (WBC differential count)
7. Hemoglobin
8. PCV
9. Blood group
10. ESR
11. Capillary Hess test
12. Bleeding time
13. Clotting time

2. Nerve & Muscle Experiments

1. Introduction
2. Instruments and Dissection (demonstration)
3. Simple muscle twitch (SMT)
4. Effect of temperature on SMT
5. Effect of strength of stimulus on SMT
6. Nerve conduction velocity
7. Fatigue
8. Tetanus
9. Effect of temperature on frog’s heart
10. Stannius ligature
11. Electrical  stimulation  of frog’s heart
12. Effect of drugs & ions.
13. Review

(PHYPhy-P2) Second Semester (1.5 credits)

45 hours practical (3 hours/week)

1. Introduction
2. Electrocardiography
3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4. Visual Tests
5. Pulmonary Function Tests
6. Measurement of Blood Pressure and Pulse Exam.
7. Hearing
8. Tests
9. Chest Exam.
10. Abdominal Exam.
11. Neurological Exam.
12. Exercise Physiology
13. Period of apnea
14. Glucose Tolerance Test
15. Urine Examination
16. Pregnancy test

Medical Physics Curriculum

1st year
(PHYphs-11)1st semester

• Terminology, Modeling ,measurement ,how to make a full diagnose.
• Definition of some Terminology and  how to make a full diagnose. 
• Forces on and in the human body, Distribution of mass in the human body. Clinical applications of gravity, frictional forces.

Forces on and in the human body discuss the force which is control all motions in the world force is very important in body.

• Dynamics, Centrifuge, Sedimentation velocity. Mathematical problems for medical applications

This chapter discuss the force which is control all motions in the world force is very important in body.

• Physics of the skeleton, The functions of bones, Types of bones, What is the bone made of.

Physics of the skeleton is described the physical law and their effect on the bone because of the importance of bone to the proper functioning of the body.

• Terminology, Modeling ,measurement ,how to make a full diagnose
• Forces on and in the human body, Distribution of mass in the human body. Clinical applications of gravity, frictional forces .
• Dynamics, Centrifuge, Sedimentation velocity. Mathematical problems for medical applications
• Physics of the skeleton, The functions of bones, Types of bones, What is the bone made of?
• Elastic properties of biological materials. Compressibility. Bone remodeling.
• Lubrication of bone joints. The function of synovial fluid. Measurement of bone mineral in the human body. Mathematical problems for medical applications
• Heat and cold in medicine: physical basis of heat and temperature, thermometry and temperature scales,
• Thermo-grams for mapping the body's temperature.
• Heat therapy, the techniques for producing heat in body, and The therapeutic effects of heating the body.  
• Cold in medicine
• Energy, work, and power of  the body:
• Conservation of energy in the body, energy change in the body.

• Work and power, Heat losses from the body, Mathematical problems for medical applications.
• Pressure: measurement of pressure in the body, Pressure inside the skull, Eye pressure, pressure in the digestive system.
• Pressure in the skeleton. Pressure in the urinary bladder, pressure effects while diving, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HOT), , Mathematical problems for medical applications.
• The physics of lung and breathing function of lung, The airways.
• How the blood and lung interact, principles of diffusion.
• Partial pressures of O2 and Co2, Combination of O2 with Hb, Co poisoning.
• Measurement of lung volumes, pressure-Air flow-volume relationships of the lungs.
• Physics of alveoli, the breathing mechanism.
• Work of breathing, Physics of some lung diseases, Mathematical problems for medical applications.
• Physics of cardiovascular system: Major components of the (CVS), work done by the heart, Laplace law.
• Blood pressure and it measurement, Bernoulli’s principle, Viscosity &Poiseuille's law.
• Blood flow, heart sound, the physics of some CVS diseases.

(PHYPhs-P1) 1st  semester

1. A. How to write a report in practical physics         b. methods for finding errors
    c. The Principle of vernier and the use of vernier caliper. (Sheet)
2. The use of micrometer and traveling microscope. (Sheet)
3. A.Simple pendulum: (Armitage P.22)
a. Acceleration of gravity.
b. Method of data analysis and representation.
4. Pulmonary function tests. (Sheet)
5. Flow of water through a capillary tube: To show that the rate of flow is proportional to the applied pressure. (Armitage P.42)
6. Flow of water through a capillary tube to deduce the viscosity of water. (Armitage P.43)
7. Variation of the resistance of a wire with temperature and measurement of its temperature coefficient. (Armitage P.140)
8. A.Surface tension of water by the capillary tube method. (Armitage P.36)
9. Blood pressure. (Sheet)
10. Determination of the speed of sound using a resonance tube (using a set of tuning forks). (Armitage P.122)
11. Behavior of:   a. capacitor b. inductance c. resistance   toward A.C. & D.C(Armitage P.192)
12.  Spiral spring (Armitage P.16)
13. Final examination                     

                                                                  

(PHYPhs-12) 2nd semester

2hours/week for 15 weeks (2 credits)

Theory lectures

• Electricity within the body
• The nervous system and the neuron
• Electrical potentials of nerves, Electromyogram (EMG).

• Electrical activity of the heart
• Electric Dipole model
• ECG tracing.

• Electric signals from the brain
• Electroretinogram (ERG)
• Magnetic signals from the heart and brain.

• Cardiovascular Instrumentation
• Biopotentials of the heart
• Electrodes
• Amplifiers
• Defibrillators
• Pacemakers.

• Sound in medicine
• Spectrum of sound
• Wave classification
• The physical characteristics of sound waves.
• The loudness and intensity level (decibel scale).
• Audiometer.  

• Ultrasonic sound
• The sonar techniques.
• A-Scan, B-Scan and M-scan.
• Ultrasound to measure motion.
• Doppler effect Physics of the ear and hearing.
• Mathematical problems for medical applications
• Light in medicine
• The spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
• The properties of light.
• Mirror equations.
• Lens equations.
• Application of ultraviolet and infrared light in medicine.
• Interference, diffraction and polarization.
• Snell's law.
• Fiber optics and microscopes in medicine.
• Mathematical problems for medical applications

• The eye and vision
• Elements of the eye.
• The light detector of the eye.
• Color vision. 
• Optical defects of the eye.
• Visual acuity of the eye.
• Optical density (OD).

• Laser
• Properties of Laser.
• Population inversion
• Types of laser.
• Basic principles of laser operation.
• Laser output and its modification
• Types of laser operation
• Frequency doubling.
• Laser interaction with tissue and its medical applications
• Laser delivery systems
• Laser hazards and precaution

• Atomic structure:
• Atomic energy levels.
• Physics of diagnostic
• Production of X-ray beams.
• How X-rays are absorbed.
• Making an X-ray image.
• Computed tomography (CT) scan.
• How dose X-ray lose its energy inside human body.
• Photoelectric effect
• Compton scattering and pair production.
• Bremsstrahlung production.
• Fluorescence and phosphorescence.
• Mathematical problems for medical applications
• Physics of nuclear medicine
• Medical radioisotopes.
• Activity. Radioactivity.
• Nuclear diagnostic.
• Mathematical problems for medical applications     

• Physics of radiation therapy protection
• Megavoltage therapy.
• Radiation protection in nuclear medicine.
• Biological effects of ionization radiation in the human body.
• Exposure. Biological effectiveness
• Absorbed dose.
• Mathematical problems for medical applications

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Basic principles.
• MR active nuclei
• Larmor equation
• The free induction signal (FID).
• The Bloch differential equations.
• MRI parameters (spin density, T1 and T2 relaxation times)

Medical Physics Curriculum

(PHYPhs-P2) 2nd semester

3hours/week for 15 weeks (1.5 credits)

Practical Sessions

• Introduction
• Using laser beam to study single-slit &circular hole diffraction.
• Focal length of a diverging lens using a converging lens.
• Use of a spectrometer to measure the refractive index of the glass of prism
• Use of a spectrometer to measure the dispersive power of glass
• Polarization of light using the polarimeter.
• Visual evoked potential (VEP).
• Focal length of a converging lens using plane mirror; Snellen chart to test vision.
• Focal length of a converging lens by graphical method.
• Measurement of the wave length of sodium light using a diffraction grating.
• Refractive index of glass and liquid   by real and apparent depth using a traveling microscope.
• Studying the reflaction &refraction using laser beam
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
• Scattering of beta particles by solids absorption in aluminum  
• Review